The legend of Fungi

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FUNGI

Introduction

Fungi belonging to the group is important for plants as parasites that cause economic loss . Unlike other green plants , fungi lack chlorophyll

and photosynthesis figmen - figmen for sharing. Fungi are heterotrophic , ie obtain energy from oxidation of organic material . By utilizing the organic matter
, fungi capable of producing the enzymes used in the absorption process . Based on the type of enzyme that produces, fungi may be , 1 ) Parasites , absorb nutrients infect other living beings , 2 ) saprophyte , by utilizing the organic material remains of living things.

Morphology Fungi

The following morphology of fungi :

·         Includes eukaryotic organisms

·         multinucleate : have DNA and RNA

·         branching filaments , called hyphae

·         The Talus composed of vegetative hyphae and mycelium

·         each hyphal cell wall and lumen lid contains a bunch of protoplasm

·         fungal cell wall is mostly composed of : chitin , hemicellulose ( glucans , manan and galaktan ) , cellulose and lipids

·         colorless hyphae called hyaline

·         colored hyphae caused by the pigment in the cytoplasm

Reproduction Fungi

Fungi reproduce asexually and sexually . Asexual reproduction occurs by the formation of buds or shoots on unicellular fungus hyphae and thread termination ( misellium fragmentation ) and the formation of asexual spores ( vegetative spores ) in multicellular fungi . Sexual reproduction in fungi by sexual spores . Singgami sexual spores are produced . Singgami consists of two phases , namely phase and phase plasmogami kariogami .

Factors affecting sexual reproduction of fungi :

·         Genetic : gene factor

·         Controls hormone : PGR , growth hormone

·         Nutrition : mineral nutrient supply

·         Physical Factors : pH , temperature , light , etc. .

Classification of Fungi

In accordance with the provisions of the International Code Of Botanical Nomenclature , the provisions for the classification of fungi is as follows :

Kingom           :           Fungi

Division           :           - mycota

Sub - Division :           - mycotina

Class                :           - mycetes

Sub - Class      :           - mycetidae

Order               :           - ales

Family             :           - aceae

Genus              :           -

Species            :           -

Fungi Based on reproduction

a.       Fungi with sexual reproduction ( perfect )

Sexual reproduction in fungi by sexual spores . Singgami sexual spores are produced . Singgami consists of two phases , namely phase and phase plasmogami kariogami.

1.      Sub - Division Mastigomycotina

With a relatively small size , consisting of 190 genera , 1100 species , formed from the zoospore and gamete citrid results , so it took the water in each of its life cycle , classified into 2 classes according to flagelanya positions , namely :

·         Chytridiomycetes : results zoospore , flagella located at the top , for example : Synchytrium endobioticum ( the cause of potato wart )

·         Oomycetes : fungi with multiple flagella , zoospore results , usually consisting of a few conidia ( conidiasporangia ) , for example : Aphanomycetes spp ( root disease ) , Phytophthora Spp.

2.      Sub - Division Zygomycotina

Small size , thick-walled spores ( zygozpora ) , reproduction aseksualnya formed from non - motile aplanospora in sporangia , and sexual reproduction through encounters between gametes to produce zygospora . Divided into two classes , namely :

·         Zygomycetes : misellium branching , which is divided into 2 order Mucorales ( parasitic fungi ) eg Piptocephalis spp and Entomophthorales ( parasitic insects )

·         Trichomycetes : parasitic on insects , such as Trichoderma spp .

3.      Sub - Division Ascomycotina

Tebanyak types of mushrooms in the world , reaching an estimated 15,000 species distribution , including high levels of fungal species , talus composed of mycelium bersepta , sexual reproduction to form ascospores , widely used in the field bioteknolog , divided into 5 classes , namely :

·         Hemiascomycetes : widely used in biotechnology , ascus is not wrapped in the body of the fruit , has no hyphae , eg Saccharomyces spp , are divided into three orders , namely : Endomycetales , Protomycetales , and Taphrinales .

·         Plectomycetes : Askus fruit encased in a body shaped like a sphere ( kleistotesium ) , reproduction by forming konnidium aseksualnya , divided into saprophyte , parasite , hiperparasit , sexual reproduction to form spores in askus , divided into two orders , namely : Microascales ( parasitic plants , for example Ceratocystis spp ) and Eurotiales ( pathogenic) for example, the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium .

·         Pyrenomycetes : special -shaped fruiting body that comes with ostiolum , called Peritesium his body , can be bright or dark colored , divided into two orders , namely : Erysiphales and Meliolales .

·         Discomycetes : classes at sub - division of the largest ascomycetes , spreading to more than 3000 species , generally a saprophyte , important parasitic on plants , large and colorful ascocarp Saproba on lignocellulosic substrates .

·         Loculoascomycetes : generally spherical fruiting bodies such as locus - locus , divided into five orders , namely ; Myriangiales , Hemisphariales , Capnodiales , Dothidiales , and Pleosporales .

4.      Sub - Division Basidiomycota

In general macroscopic size , often found on the ground and in the forest , its main characteristic hyphae septet with the wedge , sexual spores are formed on dual -shaped basidium , life cycle consists of three phases , namely ;

·         Primary Phase : Misellium still monokariotik ( not nucleat ) , will be formed basidiospores .

·         Secondary phase : double Nucleic been formed from primary misellium change process .

·         Tertiary Phase : misellium with double membrane is formed and forming fruiting bodies .Instances of the class in the sub - division Basidiomycota .

·         Teliomycetes : divided into two orders: Uredinales and Ustilaginales

·         Holobasidiomycetes : divided into several orders , namely : Tulasnellales , Brachybasidiales , Exobasidiales , Aphyllophorales , and Agaricales .

b.      Fungi with asexual reproduction ( not perfect )

Asexual reproduction occurs by the formation of buds or shoots on unicellular fungus hyphae and thread termination ( misellium fragmentation ) and the formation of asexual spores ( vegetative spores ) in multicellular fungi . More than 15,000 species of fungi that do rotation offspring by asexual reproduction . General types of fungi that reproduce asexually are sub - divisions of the fungi Deuteromycotina .

·         Sub - Division Deuteromycotina

According to Saccardo ( 1886 ) , the classification of sub - division Deuteromycotina divided into three classes , namely :

1.      Agonomycetes ( mycelia sterilia ) : Fungi spores that do not have sexual or asexual spores , which serves the same breeding tools such as spores known as misellia sterilia , in a subtropical climate can form Corticium basidiospores and includes , for example : Tricholadium asperum and Alternaria alternate .

2.      Coelomycetes : Conidia ( conidiofor ) formed in a sporocarp , piknidium formed and scattered black , each having a bulkhead konidium dark , plain konidiumnya dispersed by water and insects intermediaries . Divided into two orders , namely : Melanconiales (1000 species ) and Sphaeropsidales ( 6000 species ) .

3.      Hyphomycetes : scattered lots in the world , more than 7,500 genes heteronya conidianya same species as Ascomycotina , Basidiomycota and some species Zygomycotina , forming misellium only and do not form fruiting bodies . Family is divided into four , namely : Stilbellaceae , Tuberculariaceae , Moniliaceae , and Dematiacea.

Diseases Caused By Fungi

Fungi as parasites and pathogens , causing various disturbances disiologi the plant . Here are some types of plant diseases caused by fungi :

1.      Diseases dead seeds ( germination time ) : Occurs as early as the germination of root damage due to unfavorable soil conditions . Caused by several species of fungi of the genus : Pythium spp , Phytophthora spp , Fusarium spp and Rhizoctonia spp.

2.      Root rots : This disease is caused due to the condition of the soil may be too wet or too dry which allows some species of fungi grow as root rot pathogens in plants . Some examples of these disease-causing fungi such as: mellea Armillaria spp , Eucalyptus callophylla , and Fomes annosus .

3.      Wilting : The main cause for soil moisture content is too low and attack fungi of the genus Fusarium and Verticillium .

4.      Mildew : The emergence of small mushrooms in the plant organs . It is caused by fungi Perenospora spp , Plasmopara spp , Bremia spp , Scleropspora and Pseudoperonospora spp . Examples of plants that are attacked Rice ( Oryza sativa ) and Tobacco .

5.      Leaf spots : Characterized by the appearance of spots on the leaf surface , the symptoms are similar to symptoms of necrosis . The disease is caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella and Cercospora musae musicola .

6.      Leaf rusty : Characterized by the color appearance of rust on the leaves and stems , generally more easily observed on the leaf surface of leaves visible on the leaves become brown color like rust , dried and eventually die . Caused by the fungus Puccinia sorghi , Puccinia polysora and Physopella zeae . Examples of diseased plants this is coffee , wheat ( group sorghum ) and rice .

7.      Burned : Usually appear on the leaves , which leaves a burning , dry brownish . It is caused by fungi of the order Ustilaginales ( class of Teliomycetes , sub - division Basidiomycota ) . Examples of plants that are attacked by the disease , namely sorghum . Infection has three types namely ;

·         Infection sprouts : Occurs just after the newly planted seeds .

·         Short Infections : Especially when the plants are young .

·         Infection embryo : An embryo during the process of forming misellium seed .

8.      Post-harvest diseases : Diseases that arise after the harvest , attack the crops , such as fruits , vegetables and grains or seeds . Symptoms such as foul , nodule , and the resulting color is not in accordance with product such as rust , burnt and looks dry . This disease is caused by fungi Citrus spp , Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum.